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عمران::
جوشش ماسه
In the worst cases, it may bring about the loosening of soils, sand boiling, or upheaval failure.
Generally speaking, the goals of lowering the groundwater level are to keep the excavation bottom dry, to prevent leakage of water or sand, to avoid sand boiling or upheaval failure, and to forestall the occurrence of floating basements, as explicated in the following:
3 To avoid sand boiling: To keep the excavation bottom dry when excavating in sandy or gravelly soils requires lowering the groundwater level within the excavation zone to 0.5-1 m below the excavation bottom at least.
When the hydraulic gradient around the excavation bottom grows larger or equals the critical hydraulic gradient of soils, sand boiling will occur.
Many methods are available to avoid sand boil- ing.
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